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C++中顶层const和底层const

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C++中顶层const和底层const

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1. 顶层 const 与底层 const 概念

 指针本身是一个对象，由于，指针实际相应着内存单元的一段存储空间，然而，指针所指向的也是一个数据对象，因此，指针是一个常量与指针所指向的是一个常量是两个全然不同的概念， 顶层 const 表示的是 指针本身是一个常量， 底层 const 表示的是 指针所指的对象是一个常量，更普通情况下， 顶层 const 能够表示随意对象是一个常量，这对于算术类型、类、指针等不论什么数据类型都是成立的， 底层 const 则与指针和引用等复合类型的基本类型部分有关 ，比較特殊的是，指针既能够是顶层 const 也能够是底层 const ，这一点与其它类型差别明显。

2. 顶层 const 与底层 const 在运行拷贝操作时的不同

对于顶层 const 与底层 const ，在运行对象拷贝时有着明显的不同：

（1）顶层 const 不受什么影响

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  1. int i = 0;  
  2. const int ci = 42;   // 不能改变 ci 的值，这是一个顶层 const  
  3. i = ci;   // 正确：ci 是一个顶层 const，对此操作无影响  
  4. const int *p2 = &ci;  // 同意改变 p2 的值，这是一个底层 const  
  5. const int *const p3 = p2;  // 靠右的 const 是顶层 const ，靠左的是底层 const  
  6. p2 = p3;   // 正确：p2 和 p3 指向的对象的类型同样，p3 顶层 const 的部分不影响  

（2）底层 const 的限制不能忽略， 
要求拷出和拷入的对象有同样的底层 const 资格或者能转换为同样的数据类型，一般很量可以向常量转换，反之则不行

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  1. int *p = p3;  // 错误：p3 包含底层 const 定义，而 p 没有  
  2. p2 = p3;   // 正确：p2 和 p3 都是底层 const  
  3. p2 = &i;   // 正确：int* 能转换成 const int*  
  4. int &r = ci;  // 错误：普通的 int& 不能绑定到 int 常量上  
  5. const int &r2 = i;  // 正确：const int& 能够绑定到一个普通 int 上  

来分析一下以上的代码：

int *p = p3;
p3 既是一个顶层 const 又是一个底层 const，在运行对象拷贝时，顶层 const 部分没有不论什么影响，全然不用考虑，可是 p3 又是一个底层 const ，它要求拷入的对象有同样的底层 const 资格，而 p 没有，所以是错的；

p2 = p3;
p3 要求拷入的对象拥有同样的底层 const 资格，p2 也是一个底层 const，故正确；

p2 = &i;
对 i 取地址将得到 int*， p2 是 const int*，前者是很量，后者是常量，赋值语句等号右側的类型向左側转换，很量可以向常量转换，故正确；

int &r = ci;
由左側部分我们知道，须要得到的是一个绑定到 ci 上的引用，而绑定到 ci 上的引用的类型是 const int&，等号左側的类型是 int&，赋值语句等号右側的类型向左側转换，可是常量不能向很量转换，所以是错误的；

const int &r2 = i;
由左側部分我们知道，须要得到的是一个绑定到 i 上的引用，而绑定到 i 上的引用的类型是 int&，等号左側的类型是 const int&，赋值语句等号右側的类型向左側转换，一般很量能够向很量转换，所以是正确的。

不仅要注意类型转换的限制 同一时候须要考虑const的性质

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