linux命令详解之ls命令

ls命令概述

ls命令用于显示文件目录列表，和Windows系统下DOS命令dir类似。当执行ls命令时，默认显示的只有非隐藏文件的文件名、以文件名进行排序及文件名代表的颜色显示。当不加参数时，默认列出当前目录的列表信息。ls命令使用频率非常高，参数也非常多，多达四五十个，本文只介绍一部分常用的参数，其他参数可以通过man命令查看帮助手册。

说明：在linux下，文件名以点.开头表示该文件为隐藏文件，如.bashrc。

ls命令语法

ls [选项] [目录或文件名]
参数：
-a：--all的缩写，显示所有的文件，包括隐藏文件(以.开头的文件)，参考示例1。(常用)
-A：--almost-all的缩写，显示所有的文件，包括隐藏文件，但不包括表示当前目录.和上级目录..这两个文件，参考示例2。
-c：和-lt一起使用：显示列表并且以ctime(文件状态最后改变时间)排序。和-l一起使用：显示ctime并且以文件名排序。其他情况，以ctime排序。参考示例3。
-d：--directory的缩写，仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录里的内容列表，参考示例4。(常用)
-f：直接列出结果，而不进行排序(ls默认会以文件名排序)
--color[=WHEN]：是否根据文件类型显示颜色，WHEN可以为never、always或者auto
--full-time：以完整的实际模式显示(包含年月日时分)，类似与ls -l --time-style=full-iso，参考示例5。
-g：列表显示结果，和-l类似，但是不显示文件所属者。
-h：将文件内容大小以GB、KB等易读的方式显示，参考示例6。
-i：结合-l参数，列出每个文件的inode，参考示例7。
-l：列出长数据串，显示出文件的属性与权限等数据信息(常用)
-n：和-l类似，只是显示的所属用户和组不是名称而是对应的id，参考示例8。
-r：--reverse，将排序结果以倒序方式显示，参考示例9。
-S：以文件大小排序，参考示例9。
-t：以修改时间排序
--help：显示帮助信息

ls命令示例

示例1：列出所有文件(注意和-A参数的区别，结果里面包括表示当前目录.和上级目录..这两个文件)。

[root@localhost ~]# ls -a #列出所有文件 . .. .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog [root@localhost ~]# ls --all . .. .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog

示例2：列出所有的文件，但不包括表示当前目录.和上级目录..这两个文件。

[root@localhost ~]# ls -A .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog [root@localhost ~]# ls --almost-all .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog

示例3：显示列表并且以ctime排序

[root@localhost /]# ls -clt #和 -lt参数一起使用，以时间排序 total 146 drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 13 06:23 tmp drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 13 05:18 dev drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 13 05:18 etc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 net drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 misc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 selinux drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 sys dr-xr-xr-x 150 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 proc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 srv drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt [root@localhost /]# ls -cl #和-l参数一起使用，以文件名排序并显示时间 total 146 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 13 05:18 dev drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 13 05:18 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 misc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 net drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt dr-xr-xr-x 150 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 sys drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 13 06:23 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var [root@localhost /]# ls -c #单独使用，以时间排序，但不显示时间 tmp dev etc net misc selinux sys proc sbin bin lib64 root home lib mnt var boot usr media srv lost+found opt

示例4：仅仅列出目录本身，不需要列出目录里的内容

[root@localhost /]# ls -d /home #仅列出/home目录本身 /home [root@localhost /]# ls /home #列出/home目录里的内容 sgl software # 加上-l参数，比较的更清楚一些： [root@localhost /]# ls -ld /home drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 /home [root@localhost /]# ls -l /home total 16 drwx------ 16 sgl sgl 4096 Oct 17 2015 sgl drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 14 05:13 software 

示例5：显示完整时间

[root@localhost ~]# ls --full-time / total 146 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2017-03-28 06:33:59.000000000 -0700 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 2015-10-17 08:08:24.000000000 -0700 boot drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 2017-04-14 21:22:27. -0700 dev drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 2017-04-14 21:22:24.000000000 -0700 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 2016-11-18 22:05:32.000000000 -0800 home drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 2016-11-14 06:13:35.000000000 -0800 lib drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 2017-03-28 06:33:33.000000000 -0700 lib64 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 2015-10-17 08:01:52.000000000 -0700 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-05-11 04:58:23.000000000 -0700 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:22:23. -0700 misc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2015-10-17 08:16:39.000000000 -0700 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:22:23. -0700 net drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2015-10-17 00:17:25.000000000 -0700 opt dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.00 -0700 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 2016-11-19 06:52:09.000000000 -0800 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 2017-03-28 06:34:07.000000000 -0700 sbin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:21:02. -0700 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-05-11 04:58:23.000000000 -0700 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:21:02. -0700 sys drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 2017-04-14 21:24:24.000000000 -0700 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 2015-10-17 08:04:13.000000000 -0700 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 2015-10-17 08:11:05.000000000 -0700 var

示例6：以易读方式显示列表

[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh / #注意列表容量大小列的单位 total 146K drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.4K Apr 14 21:22 dev drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12K Apr 14 21:22 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4.0K Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwx------ 2 root root 16K Oct 17 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 opt dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4.0K Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4.0K Apr 14 21:24 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 var [root@localhost ~]# ls -l / #默认方式，以字节为单位显示 total 146 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var

示例7：显示inode

[root@localhost ~]# ls -li / total 146  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin 2 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot 1071 drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev  drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc  drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home  drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib  drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 11 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media 14244 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc  drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt 14249 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net  drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt 1 dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc 65217 drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin 591 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux  drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv 1 drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys  drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp  drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr  drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var

示例8：列出文件夹内容，并显示出文件所属用户和组的id

[root@localhost ~]# ls -ln / total 146 drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 12 0 0 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev drwxr-xr-x 93 0 0 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 8 0 0 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwx------ 2 0 0 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc drwxr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:22 net drwxr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt dr-xr-xr-x 147 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc drwxr-x--- 4 0 0 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys drwxrwxrwt 7 0 0 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 var

示例9：以文件大小排序(升序和降序)

[root@localhost ~]# ls -lS / #默认降序排序 total 146 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys [root@localhost ~]# ls -lSr / #通过-r参数实现升序排列 total 146 drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64 drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found