关于“Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]”解决方案

问题产生

最近学了Maven，并尝试将以前的项目（springmvc+myabtis）重构成Maven项目，Maven项目推荐各种资源文件都放在src/java/resources目录下，所以我自然把spring的配置文件（包括spring-mvc，spring-mybatis等配置都写在一个文件中）applicationContext.xml文件也放在了resources目录下，重构结束后，启动Tomcat报错：

八月 31, 2015 3:26:24 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init 信息: Loaded APR based Apache Tomcat Native library 1.1.22. 八月 31, 2015 3:26:24 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init 信息: APR capabilities: IPv6 [false], sendfile [true], accept filters [false], random [true]. 八月 31, 2015 3:26:25 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init 信息: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-apr-8080"] 八月 31, 2015 3:26:25 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init 信息: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["ajp-apr-8009"] 八月 31, 2015 3:26:25 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load 信息: Initialization processed in 1784 ms 八月 31, 2015 3:26:25 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternal 信息: Starting service Catalina 八月 31, 2015 3:26:25 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternal 信息: Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/7.0.26 八月 31, 2015 3:26:25 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory 信息: Deploying web application directory E:\java\apache-tomcat-7.0.26\webapps\host-manager 八月 31, 2015 3:26:26 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory 信息: Deploying web application directory E:\java\apache-tomcat-7.0.26\webapps\manager 八月 31, 2015 3:26:26 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory 信息: Deploying web application directory E:\java\apache-tomcat-7.0.26\webapps\ROOT 八月 31, 2015 3:26:26 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory 信息: Deploying web application directory E:\java\apache-tomcat-7.0.26\webapps\zhsz 八月 31, 2015 3:26:26 下午 org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader validateJarFile 信息: validateJarFile(E:\java\apache-tomcat-7.0.26\webapps\zhsz\WEB-INF\lib\javaee.jar) - jar not loaded. See Servlet Spec 2.3, section 9.7.2. Offending class: javax/servlet/Servlet.class 八月 31, 2015 3:26:32 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log 信息: No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath log4j:ERROR Could not find value for key log4j.appender.stdout log4j:ERROR Could not instantiate appender named "stdout". log4j:ERROR Could not find value for key log4j.appender.debug log4j:ERROR Could not instantiate appender named "debug". 八月 31, 2015 3:26:32 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log 信息: Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext listenerStart 严重: Exception sending context initialized event to listener instance of class org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanDefinitionStoreException: IOException parsing XML document from ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]; nested exception is java.io.FileNotFoundException: Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml] at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:341) at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:302) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:174) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:209) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:180) at org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlWebApplicationContext.java:125) at org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlWebApplicationContext.java:94) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.refreshBeanFactory(AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.java:131) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.obtainFreshBeanFactory(AbstractApplicationContext.java:522) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:436) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:385) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.initWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:284) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener.contextInitialized(ContextLoaderListener.java:111) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:4779) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5273) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:895) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:871) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:615) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:1095) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployDirectory.run(HostConfig.java:1617) at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:471) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:334) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:166) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722) Caused by: java.io.FileNotFoundException: Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml] at org.springframework.web.context.support.ServletContextResource.getInputStream(ServletContextResource.java:140) at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:328) ... 26 more 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext startInternal 严重: Error listenerStart 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext startInternal 严重: Context [/zhsz] startup failed due to previous errors 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log 信息: Closing Spring root WebApplicationContext 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext listenerStop 严重: Exception sending context destroyed event to listener instance of class org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener java.lang.IllegalStateException: BeanFactory not initialized or already closed - call 'refresh' before accessing beans via the ApplicationContext at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.getBeanFactory(AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.java:172) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.destroyBeans(AbstractApplicationContext.java:1066) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.doClose(AbstractApplicationContext.java:1040) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.close(AbstractApplicationContext.java:988) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.closeWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:556) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener.contextDestroyed(ContextLoaderListener.java:142) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStop(StandardContext.java:4819) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.stopInternal(StandardContext.java:5466) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.stop(LifecycleBase.java:232) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:160) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:895) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:871) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:615) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:1095) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployDirectory.run(HostConfig.java:1617) at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:471) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask$Sync.innerRun(FutureTask.java:334) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:166) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722) 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start 信息: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-apr-8080"] 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start 信息: Starting ProtocolHandler ["ajp-apr-8009"] 八月 31, 2015 3:26:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina start 信息: Server startup in 7589 ms 

注意一下，其实重点就一句话，即Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]，异常也很明显，FileNotException，无法打开ServletContext的资源文件。下面再看一下web.xml的配置：

 
    
    
    
      xxybm 
     
     
     
       org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 
      
     
     
     
       springMvc 
      
     
       org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 
      
      
      
        contextConfigLocation 
       
      
        classpath:applicationContext.xml 
       
      
     
       2 
      
     
     
     
       springMvc 
      
     
       /app/* 
      
     
     
     
       SecurityFilter 
      
     
       net.zhsz.util.LoginCheckFilter 
      
     
     
     
       SecurityFilter 
      
     
       *.jsp 
      
     
     
     
       SecurityFilter 
      
     
       /app/* 
      
     
     
     
       30 
      
     
     
     
       java.lang.Exception 
      
     
       /500.html 
      
     
   

由于在没用Maven之前，我的spring配置文件——applicationContext.xml是放在WEB-INF根目录下的，在项目运行时都是正常的，重构成Maven项目之后，我的配置文件自然应该放在src下的resources文件夹下了，那么在web.xml中我自然将

中contextConfigLocation的参数值由
WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml修改为
classpath:applicationContext.xml了，那么启动tomcat之后依然报错，而且我们从报错信息中可以看出容器依然是在WEB-INF下去找applicationContext.xml，很明显这个文件的位置已经被我们改变了，而且我们也修改了web.xml的配置为何还要从这里去加载呢？原因是我们缺少另一个重要的配置。

解决问题

遇到问题盲目搜索往往不能迅速得到有效的解决方案，所以我们先从官方去寻找线索，看一看spring的官方文档，在The Web的章节中可以发现这样一段话：

简单翻译一下上图标记的小段落：如果不特意指定参数名为contextConfigLoction的

元素，那么spring的ContextLoderListener监听器就会在/WEB-INF/下去寻找并加载该目录下的名为applicationContext.xml这个文件
。So，我们应该在web.xml中添加

标签并再次指定spring核心文件的位置：

 
     
     
       contextConfigLocation 
      
     
       classpath:applicationContext.xml 
      
    

这样就OK了，注意这段配置尽量写在靠前的位置，因为在tomcat启动后web项目会先初始化上下文，我们这段配置正是指定了上下文配置的文件位置，在上下文初始化完成之后才应当继续加载其余各种配置，而我们的springMVC的servlet仅仅是springMVC框架的相关配置，就好比struts2的配置一样，项目整体还是由spring去管理的。下面是修改之后的web.xml配置文件：

 
     
     
     
       xxybm 
      
      
      
        contextConfigLocation 
       
      
        classpath:applicationContext.xml 
       
      
      
      
        org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 
       
      
      
      
        springMvc 
       
      
        org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 
       
       
       
         contextConfigLocation 
        
       
         classpath:applicationContext.xml 
        
       
      
        2 
       
      
      
      
        springMvc 
       
      
        /app/* 
       
      
      
      
        SecurityFilter 
       
      
        net.zhsz.util.LoginCheckFilter 
       
      
      
      
        SecurityFilter 
       
      
        *.jsp 
       
      
      
      
        SecurityFilter 
       
      
        /app/* 
       
      
      
      
        30 
       
      
      
      
        java.lang.Exception 
       
      
        /500.html 
       
      
    

最后再次启动项目，运行正常，spring和springMVC均正常加载并初始化。之前在网上查的有人说修改路径，加星号，又是少jar包，答案千奇百怪，然后都无法解决问题，总之这篇blog希望能对遇到这个异常的朋友有所帮助，The End。