值得收藏！15个 Pythonic 的代码示例

Python由于语言的简洁性，让我们以人类思考的方式来写代码，新手更容易上手，老鸟更爱不释手。

要写出 Pythonic（优雅的、地道的、整洁的）代码，还要平时多观察那些大牛代码，Github 上有很多非常优秀的源代码值得阅读，比如：requests、flask、tornado，这里小明收集了一些常见的 Pythonic 写法，帮助你养成写优秀代码的习惯。

01. 变量交换

Bad

tmp = a a = b b = tmp

Pythonic

a,b = b,a

02. 列表推导

Bad

my_list = [] for i in range(10): my_list.append(i*2)

Pythonic

my_list = [i*2 for i in range(10)]

03. 单行表达式

虽然列表推导式由于其简洁性及表达性，被广受推崇。

但是有许多可以写成单行的表达式，并不是好的做法。

Bad

print 'one'; print 'two' if x == 1: print 'one' if <complex comparison> and <other complex comparison>: # do something

Pythonic

print 'one' print 'two' if x == 1: print 'one' cond1 = <complex comparison> cond2 = <other complex comparison> if cond1 and cond2: # do something

04. 带索引遍历

Bad

for i in range(len(my_list)): print(i, "-->", my_list[i])

Pythonic

for i,item in enumerate(my_list): print(i, "-->",item)

05. 序列解包

Pythonic

a, *rest = [1, 2, 3] # a = 1, rest = [2, 3] a, *middle, c = [1, 2, 3, 4] # a = 1, middle = [2, 3], c = 4

06. 字符串拼接

Bad

letters = ['s', 'p', 'a', 'm'] s="" for let in letters: s += let

Pythonic

letters = ['s', 'p', 'a', 'm'] word = ''.join(letters)

07. 真假判断

Bad

if attr == True: print 'True!' if attr == None: print 'attr is None!'

Pythonic

if attr: print 'attr is truthy!' if not attr: print 'attr is falsey!' if attr is None: print 'attr is None!'

08. 访问字典元素

Bad

d = {'hello': 'world'} if d.has_key('hello'): print d['hello'] # prints 'world' else: print 'default_value'

Pythonic

d = {'hello': 'world'} print d.get('hello', 'default_value') # prints 'world' print d.get('thingy', 'default_value') # prints 'default_value' # Or: if 'hello' in d: print d['hello']

09. 操作列表

Bad

a = [3, 4, 5] b = [] for i in a: if i > 4: b.append(i)

Pythonic

a = [3, 4, 5] b = [i for i in a if i > 4] # Or: b = filter(lambda x: x > 4, a)

Bad

a = [3, 4, 5] for i in range(len(a)): a[i] += 3

Pythonic

a = [3, 4, 5] a = [i + 3 for i in a] # Or: a = map(lambda i: i + 3, a)

10. 文件读取

Bad

f = open('file.txt') a = f.read() print a f.close()

Pythonic

with open('file.txt') as f: for line in f: print line

11. 代码续行

Bad

my_very_big_string = """For a long time I used to go to bed early. Sometimes, \ when I had put out my candle, my eyes would close so quickly that I had not even \ time to say “I’m going to sleep.”""" from some.deep.module.inside.a.module import a_nice_function, another_nice_function, \ yet_another_nice_function

Pythonic

my_very_big_string = ( "For a long time I used to go to bed early. Sometimes, " "when I had put out my candle, my eyes would close so quickly " "that I had not even time to say “I’m going to sleep.”" ) from some.deep.module.inside.a.module import ( a_nice_function, another_nice_function, yet_another_nice_function)

12. 显式代码

Bad

def make_complex(*args): x, y = args return dict(locals())

Pythonic

def make_complex(x, y): return {'x': x, 'y': y}

13. 使用占位符

Pythonic

filename = 'foobar.txt' basename, _, ext = filename.rpartition('.')

14. 链式比较

Bad

if age > 18 and age < 60: print("young man")

Pythonic

if 18 < age < 60: print("young man")

理解了链式比较操作，那么你应该知道为什么下面这行代码输出的结果是 False

>>> False == False == True False

15. 三目运算

这个保留意见。随使用习惯就好。

Bad

if a > 2: b = 2 else: b = 1 #b = 2 

Pythonic

a = 3 b = 2 if a > 2 else 1 #b = 2

参考文档

• http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/style/
• https://foofish.net/idiomatic_part2.html

文末福利

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